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Chapter 10: Pediatric Glaucoma
Section 10-A: Types of pediatric glaucomaPediatric glaucoma (also referred to as childhood glaucoma, infantile glaucoma or congenital glaucoma) is a relatively rare disease, as most patients with...
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Section 10-B: Diagnosis of congenital glaucoma
Congenital glaucoma occurs in infants up to 3 years of age. Most commonly, patients are diagnosed between 3-6 months of age. In the US, boys are slightly more commonly affected than girls....
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Section 10-C: Treatment of congenital glaucoma
Unlike adult glaucoma, the initial treatment for congenital glaucoma is often surgical. A “drainage angle surgery” is often recommended for congenital glaucoma. The most common surgical procedures for...
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Section 10-D: Importance of team approach in pediatric glaucoma
It takes a whole team of physicians, nurses, and family to provide an optimal treatment for patients with pediatric glaucoma. For example, a glaucoma specialist may provide care for pediatric glaucoma,...
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Chapter 11: The Genetics of Glaucoma
Heredity plays an important role in most forms of glaucoma. In some types of glaucoma, such as in juvenile open angle glaucoma, disease clearly runs in families. However, the contribution of genetic...
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Section 11-A: Genetic basis of glaucoma.
Several lines of evidence indicate that glaucoma has a genetic basis, that is, glaucoma is caused in part by defects in specific genes (Table 11-1). First, although many cases of glaucoma occur with no...
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Section 11-B: Research methods for studying glaucoma genetics
Two general approaches to study the genetics of glaucoma are candidate gene screening and positional cloning. The advantages of each of these types of investigations are discussed below.Section...
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Section 11-B(1): Candidate gene approach to glaucoma
The core features of the candidate gene approach are:1) making a list of candidate genes that might cause glaucoma if their normal function was altered and2) testing a large group of unrelated glaucoma...
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Section 11-B(2): Positional cloning approach to glaucoma (linkage analysis)
Linkage analysis is a method for identifying glaucoma-causing genes that is dependent solely on the availability of large families with several members that have glaucoma. DNA is collected from each...
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Section 11-C: The genetics of specific types of glaucoma
Several forms of glaucoma have been investigated in search of disease causing genes. In the last 10 years, genes associated with juvenile open angle glaucoma, primary open angle glaucoma, primary...
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Section 11-C(1): Juvenile open angle glaucoma
Juvenile open angle glaucoma (JOAG) is a rare form of glaucoma that accounts for approximately 1% of total cases. The clinical features of JOAG are the same as those of more common forms of glaucoma...
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Section 11-C(2): Primary open angle glaucoma
Primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) is the most common form of glaucoma in the United States. Like juvenile onset open angle glaucoma (JOAG), there is also a genetic basis to POAG. However, there are...
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Section 11-C(3): Normal tension glaucoma
Most cases of normal tension glaucoma (NTG) are sporadic with no clear family history. However, rare cases of families with many affected members have been reported. In these families, NTG is inherited...
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Section 11-C(4) Primary congenital glaucoma (PCG)
Many cases of primary congenital glaucoma (PCG) appear to be sporadic; however, as many as 10-40% cases are familial with autosomal recessive inheritance. Many large PCG pedigrees with clear autosomal...
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Section 11-D: Genetic testing for glaucoma
Incredible progress in being made in the field of genetic research and important discoveries and innovations are being made at an increasingly rapid pace. In the last few years, several landmark...
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Section 11-E: Benefits of studying glaucoma genetics
Every year, thousands of Americans are blinded by glaucoma. In most cases, the loss of vision caused by glaucoma could be limited or prevented by currently available therapies if the disease were...
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Chapter 12: Living with Glaucoma
This chapter includes:12-A: Using Glaucoma Medications Regularly 12-B: Adherence to Glaucoma Medications12-B(1): Factors Affecting Adherence12-B(2): Measures to Improve Adherence to Glaucoma...
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Section 12-A: Using Glaucoma Medications Regularly
The Doctor-Patient RelationshipThe most important controllable factor in glaucoma management is adherence to prescribed medications. A good doctor-patient relationship fosters knowledge of the disease...
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Section 12-B: Adherence to Glaucoma Medication
Many studies have tried to evaluate the level of adherence in patients and the risk factors for nonadherence. In general, 13.4% to 60% of patients have reported their non-adherence when asked. Numerous...
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Section 12-B(1): Factors Affecting Adherence
1) Forgetfulness or Physical Limitations. Many patients report forgetfulness as one of the major reasons that they are not 100% adherent with their glaucoma medications. It is often difficult to...
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Section 12-B(2): Measures to Improve Adherence to Glaucoma Medications
Understand the Disease and Its Treatment. Patients are encouraged to ask questions about their diagnosis and understand the rationale behind its treatment. Obtain information on the disease from the...
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Section 12-C: Low Vision Aids
If glaucoma is undiagnosed or poorly controlled, it may result in varying degrees of visual disability. Once vision loss occurs from glaucoma, it cannot be regained. If the loss is mild, the patient...
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Section 12-D: Minimizing the Impact of Glaucoma on Lifestyle
A chronic disease requires chronic treatment. The diagnosis of glaucoma often means a lifetime of ophthalmic exams and treatment. Chronic treatment and monitoring should be incorporated into one’s life...
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Section 12-E: Glaucoma Societies and Organizations
Numerous glaucoma resources are available to patients and eye doctors alike. The following is a list of the larger national organizations. They each provide links to other organizations and support...
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Table of Contents. A Patient's Guide to Glaucoma
By Young H Kwon, MD, PhD; John H Fingert, MD, PhD; and Emily C Greenlee, MD Edited by Young H Kwon, MD, PhDIllustrated and copyedited by Trish Duffel, RPh, MAThe University of IowaTitle PageChapter 1....
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